Higher Grade Physics

  a.ii.	Mean = Total/Number of readings਀ऀ䴀攀愀渀 㴀 ⠀　⸀　　㈀㠀⬀　⸀　　㈀㘀⬀　⸀　　㈀㜀⬀　⸀　　㈀㜀⬀　⸀　　㈀㈀⬀　⸀　　㈀㔀⤀⼀㘀
	Mean = (0.0155/6)਀ऀ㰀䈀㸀䴀攀愀渀 㴀 　⸀　　㈀㔀㠀欀最㰀⼀䈀㸀
਀ऀ刀愀渀搀漀洀 甀渀挀攀爀琀愀椀渀琀礀 㴀 ⠀洀愀砀 ⴀ 洀椀渀⤀⼀一
	Random uncertainty = (0.0028 - 0.0022)/6਀ऀ㰀䈀㸀刀愀渀搀漀洀 甀渀挀攀爀琀愀椀渀琀礀 㴀 　⸀　　　㄀欀最㰀⼀䈀㸀
਀ऀ䴀愀猀猀 漀昀 愀椀爀 㴀 ⠀　⸀　　㈀㘀⬀ⴀ　⸀　　　㄀⤀欀最
਀ 愀⸀椀椀椀⸀ऀ洀愀猀猀⠀洀攀愀渀⤀ 㴀 　⸀　　㈀㘀欀最
	volume = 2.0x10-3m3਀
	density = mass/volume਀ऀ㰀䘀伀一吀 昀愀挀攀㴀匀礀洀戀漀氀㸀爀㰀⼀䘀伀一吀㸀 㴀 洀⼀嘀
	r = 0.00258/2.0x10-3਀ऀ㰀䈀㸀㰀䘀伀一吀 昀愀挀攀㴀匀礀洀戀漀氀㸀爀㰀⼀䘀伀一吀㸀 㴀 ㄀⸀㈀㤀欀最⼀洀㰀匀唀倀㸀㌀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀㰀⼀䈀㸀
਀ 愀⸀椀瘀⸀ऀ䄀 昀氀愀猀欀 漀昀 氀愀爀最攀爀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀 椀猀 戀攀琀琀攀爀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀椀猀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀猀 琀栀攀 
	mass and volume of air and used in the experiment. This should ਀ऀ爀攀猀甀氀琀 椀渀 愀 猀洀愀氀氀攀爀 瀀攀爀挀攀渀琀愀最攀 攀爀爀漀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀洀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 
	both mass and volume of the gas. This will in turn reduce the ਀ऀ瀀攀爀挀攀渀琀愀最攀 攀爀爀漀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀愀氀挀甀氀愀琀攀搀 搀攀渀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 愀椀爀⸀ 
 ਀
22.bi.	Pressure and volume are the important variables.਀ऀ吀栀椀猀 洀攀愀渀猀 䈀漀礀氀攀✀猀 氀愀眀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀猀 琀漀 戀攀 甀猀攀搀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 愀猀
   	it is the length of the cylinder that is given and not਀ऀ琀栀攀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀 琀栀攀 昀愀挀琀 琀栀愀琀㨀
	Volume(V) = Cylinder cross sectional area(A) x Length of the piston(L)਀ऀ洀甀猀琀 戀攀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀⸀
਀
	V1 = L1A			V1/V2 = P1/P2਀ऀ嘀㰀匀唀䈀㸀㈀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 㴀 䰀㰀匀唀䈀㸀㈀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀䄀ऀऀऀ嘀㰀匀唀䈀㸀㄀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀⼀嘀㰀匀唀䈀㸀㈀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 㴀 䰀㰀匀唀䈀㸀㄀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀䄀⼀䰀㰀匀唀䈀㸀㈀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀䄀 㴀 䰀㰀匀唀䈀㸀㄀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀⼀䰀㰀匀唀䈀㸀㈀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀
	P1 = 1x10-5Pa          =>L1/L2 = P1/P2਀ऀ倀㰀匀唀䈀㸀㈀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 㴀 㼀ऀऀऀ倀㰀匀唀䈀㸀㈀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 㴀 ⠀䰀㰀匀唀䈀㸀㈀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀⼀䰀㰀匀唀䈀㸀㄀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀⤀倀㰀匀唀䈀㸀㄀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀
				P2 = (360/160)x1x10-5਀ऀऀऀऀ㰀䈀㸀倀㰀匀唀䈀㸀㈀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 㴀 ㈀⸀㈀㔀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㔀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀倀愀㰀⼀䈀㸀
਀  戀⸀椀椀⸀ऀ吀栀攀 洀愀猀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 最愀猀 琀爀愀瀀瀀攀搀 椀猀 挀漀渀猀琀愀渀琀⸀
਀  戀⸀椀椀椀⸀倀爀攀猀猀甀爀攀 椀猀 挀愀甀猀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 最愀猀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 攀砀攀爀琀椀渀最 愀 昀漀爀挀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀
	walls of the container. When the volume of the container decreases਀ऀ琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 愀渀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀氀氀椀猀椀漀渀 爀愀琀攀Ⰰ 洀攀愀渀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 洀漀爀攀 昀漀爀挀攀
	is exerted on the container walls. This increases the pressure as਀ऀ瀀爀攀猀猀甀爀攀 椀猀 愀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀 漀昀 昀漀爀挀攀 瀀攀爀 甀渀椀琀 愀爀攀愀 ⠀倀 㴀 䘀⼀䄀⤀⸀
਀㈀㌀⸀愀⸀椀⸀
    (A)	Contact time(tc) = 3.0x10-3s਀ऀ䘀㰀匀唀䈀㸀愀瘀最㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 㴀 䘀㰀匀唀䈀㸀甀渀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 㴀 　⸀㔀一
਀ऀ一䈀⼀ 䘀㰀匀唀䈀㸀愀瘀最㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 㴀 䘀㰀匀唀䈀㸀甀渀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 渀漀 甀渀戀愀氀愀渀挀攀搀 昀漀爀挀攀猀⸀
਀ऀ䤀洀瀀甀氀猀攀 㴀 䘀㰀匀唀䈀㸀愀瘀最㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 砀 琀㰀匀唀䈀㸀挀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀
	Impulse = 0.5 x 3.0x10-3਀ऀ㰀䈀㸀䤀洀瀀甀氀猀攀 㴀 ㄀⸀㔀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㌀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀一猀 ⠀欀最洀⼀猀⤀㰀⼀䈀㸀  
਀    ⠀䈀⤀ऀ䤀洀瀀甀氀猀攀 㴀 䌀栀愀渀最攀 椀渀 䴀漀洀攀渀琀甀洀
	Impulse = mv-mu਀ऀ䤀洀瀀甀氀猀攀 㴀 洀⠀瘀ⴀ甀⤀
਀ऀ甀 㴀 　洀⼀猀  ऀ䄀猀 琀栀攀 戀攀愀搀 漀昀 眀愀琀攀爀 椀猀 椀渀椀琀椀愀氀氀礀 愀琀 爀攀猀琀⸀
	m = 2.5x10-5kg਀
    => 	v = Impulse/m਀ऀ瘀 㴀 ㄀⸀㔀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㌀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀⼀㈀⸀㔀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㔀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀
   	v = 60m/s਀
  a.ii.	The impulse can be calculated from the area under the force ਀ऀ琀椀洀攀 最爀愀瀀栀⸀
਀ऀ䄀 㴀 ㄀⼀㈀戀栀 ⠀䄀爀攀愀 漀昀 愀 琀爀椀愀渀最氀攀 昀漀爀洀甀氀愀⤀
	A = 0.5 x 3.0x10-3 x 0.5਀ऀ䄀 㴀 　⸀㜀㔀
਀     㴀☀最琀㬀ऀ䄀挀琀甀愀氀 椀洀瀀甀氀猀攀 㴀 　⸀㜀㔀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㌀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀一猀
਀ऀ瘀 㴀 䤀洀瀀甀氀猀攀⼀洀  ⠀昀爀漀洀 愀戀漀瘀攀⤀
	v = 0.75x10-3/2.5x10-5਀ऀ㰀䈀㸀瘀 㴀 ㌀　洀⼀猀㰀⼀䈀㸀
਀     戀⸀ऀ吀栀攀 戀攀愀搀 最愀椀渀猀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀 攀渀攀爀最礀 愀猀 椀琀 椀猀 愀挀挀攀氀攀爀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀
	electric field between the plates. The gain in the kinetic ਀ऀ攀渀攀爀最礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀攀愀搀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 挀栀愀爀最攀 焀Ⰰ 愀挀挀攀氀攀爀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 愀 
	potential difference V, can be calculated using:਀
	Ek(gain) = qV਀
	This is equal to the gain in kinetic energy:਀
	Ek(gain) = mv2/2਀
      =>mv2/2 = qV		q = 6.5x10-6C਀ऀ瘀㰀匀唀倀㸀㈀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀 㴀 ㈀焀嘀⼀洀ऀऀ嘀 㴀 㔀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀㌀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀嘀ऀ
	v = SQRT(2qV/m)		m = 4.0x10-5kg਀
਀ऀ瘀 㴀 匀儀刀吀⠀㈀砀㘀⸀㔀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㘀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀砀㔀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀㌀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀⤀⼀㐀⸀　砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㔀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀
	v = SQRT(1625)਀ऀ㰀䈀㸀瘀 㴀 㐀　⸀㌀洀⼀猀㰀⼀䈀㸀
਀㈀㐀⸀愀⸀椀⸀ 吀栀攀 攀洀昀 挀愀渀 戀攀 昀漀甀渀搀 戀礀 瀀爀漀樀攀挀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 最爀愀瀀栀 氀椀渀攀 戀愀挀欀 甀渀琀椀氀 椀琀 
	cuts the voltage axis.਀
	emf = 4.8V਀
  a.ii.	The internal resistance is equal to the negative of the gradient਀ऀ漀昀 琀栀攀 氀椀渀攀 最椀瘀攀渀⸀
਀ऀ洀 㴀 ⠀礀㰀匀唀䈀㸀㄀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀ⴀ礀㰀匀唀䈀㸀㈀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀⤀⼀⠀砀㰀匀唀䈀㸀㄀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀ⴀ砀㰀匀唀䈀㸀㈀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀⤀
	m = (4.0-2.0)/(0.4-1.4)਀ऀ洀 㴀 ㈀⸀　⼀ⴀ㄀⸀　
	m = -2਀
	r = 2W਀
	To justify the above consider:਀
	y = mx + c  ...1਀ऀ嘀 㴀 洀䤀 ⬀ 挀  ⸀⸀⸀㈀
	Vtpd= E - Ir   ...3਀ऀ嘀㰀匀唀䈀㸀琀瀀搀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀㴀 ⴀ䤀爀 ⬀ 䔀  ⸀⸀⸀㐀
਀ऀ䘀爀漀洀 攀焀甀愀琀椀漀渀 ⠀㌀⤀ 
	When I = 0A :Vtpd=emf਀ऀ
	Comparing (2) and (4)਀ऀ洀 㴀 ⴀ爀
਀㈀㐀⸀戀⸀椀⸀ऀ攀洀昀 㴀 嘀㰀匀唀䈀㸀琀瀀搀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀⬀嘀㰀匀唀䈀㸀氀漀猀琀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀
	emf = IR+Ir਀ऀ
 	The condition for a short circuit is: R=0W਀     㴀☀最琀㬀ऀ攀洀昀 㴀 䤀爀
	I = emf/r਀ऀ䤀 㴀 ㄀㈀⼀　⸀　㔀　
	I = 240A਀ऀ
  b.ii.	When the lamp is connected: R=2.5W਀ ऀ
	I = emf/(R+r)਀ऀ䤀 㴀 ㄀㈀⼀⠀㈀⸀㔀⬀　⸀　㔀⤀
	I = 4.71A਀
	P = I2R਀ऀ倀 㴀 ⠀㐀⸀㜀㄀⤀㰀匀唀倀㸀㈀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀㈀⸀㔀
	P = 55.46W਀
25.a.i.	The initial charging current(Imax) occurs when all of the supply ਀ऀ瘀漀氀琀愀最攀⠀嘀㰀匀唀䈀㸀猀甀瀀瀀氀礀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀⤀ 椀猀 愀挀爀漀猀猀 琀栀攀 ㄀⸀㔀欀㰀䘀伀一吀 昀愀挀攀㴀匀礀洀戀漀氀㸀圀㰀⼀䘀伀一吀㸀 爀攀猀椀猀琀漀爀⠀刀⤀⸀
਀ऀ䤀㰀匀唀䈀㸀洀愀砀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 㴀 嘀㰀匀唀䈀㸀猀甀瀀瀀氀礀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀⼀刀
	Imax = 6/1500਀ऀ㰀䈀㸀䤀㰀匀唀䈀㸀洀愀砀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 㴀 㐀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㌀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀䄀㰀⼀䈀㸀
਀  愀⸀椀椀⸀ऀ圀栀攀渀 昀甀氀氀礀 挀栀愀爀最攀搀 琀栀攀 瘀漀氀琀愀最攀 愀挀爀漀猀猀 琀栀攀 猀甀瀀瀀氀礀 瘀漀氀琀愀最攀 椀猀 攀焀甀愀氀 琀漀 
	the voltage across the capacitor. ਀ऀ嘀㰀匀唀䈀㸀猀甀瀀瀀氀礀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 㴀 㰀䈀㸀嘀㰀匀唀䈀㸀挀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 㴀 㘀嘀㰀⼀䈀㸀
਀ऀ䔀㰀匀唀䈀㸀挀愀瀀愀挀椀琀漀爀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 㴀 儀嘀㰀匀唀䈀㸀挀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀⼀㈀
	Q = CVc਀      㴀☀最琀㬀䔀㰀匀唀䈀㸀挀愀瀀愀挀椀琀漀爀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 㴀 䌀嘀㰀匀唀䈀㸀挀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀㰀匀唀倀㸀㈀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀⼀㈀
	Ecapacitor = 470x10-6x62/2਀ऀ㰀䈀㸀䔀㰀匀唀䈀㸀挀愀瀀愀挀椀琀漀爀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 㴀 㠀⸀㐀㘀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㌀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀䨀㰀⼀䈀㸀 
਀ 愀⸀椀椀椀⸀ऀ䤀渀挀爀攀愀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀 猀甀瀀瀀氀礀 瘀漀氀琀愀最攀 眀漀甀氀搀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀 琀栀攀 攀渀攀爀最礀 
	storing capacity of the capacitor. This is because the਀ऀ昀椀渀愀氀 瘀漀氀琀愀最攀Ⰰ 愀挀爀漀猀猀 琀栀攀 昀甀氀氀礀 挀栀愀爀最攀搀 挀愀瀀愀挀椀琀漀爀Ⰰ 眀漀甀氀搀
	be higher. ਀ऀ
  25.b.	Etotal = 6.35x10-3J਀
	fphoton = 5.80x1014Hz਀ऀ栀 㴀 㘀⸀㘀㌀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㌀㐀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀䨀猀
	Ephoton = ?਀
	Ephoton = hfphoton਀ऀ䔀㰀匀唀䈀㸀瀀栀漀琀漀渀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 㴀 㘀⸀㘀㌀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㌀㐀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀 砀 㔀⸀㠀　砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀㄀㐀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀
	Ephoton = 3.84x10-19J਀
	Etotal = NEphoton਀ऀ一 㴀 䔀㰀匀唀䈀㸀琀漀琀愀氀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀⼀䔀㰀匀唀䈀㸀瀀栀漀琀漀渀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀
	N = 6.35x10-3/3.84x10-19਀ ऀ㰀䈀㸀一 㴀 ㄀⸀㘀㔀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀㄀㘀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀㰀⼀䈀㸀
਀
26.a.i.	The amplifier is acting in inverting mode. ਀
  a.ii.	The gain of the amplifier is calculated using the equation:਀
	Voutput/Vinput = -Rfeedback/Rinput਀ऀ嘀㰀匀唀䈀㸀漀甀琀瀀甀琀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 㴀 ⴀ嘀㰀匀唀䈀㸀椀渀瀀甀琀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀砀刀㰀匀唀䈀㸀昀攀攀搀戀愀挀欀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀⼀刀㰀匀唀䈀㸀椀渀瀀甀琀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀
	Voutput = -18-3x1.6x106/20x103਀
	Voutput = -1.44V਀
 a.iii.	The output voltage is not affected. This is because the output਀ऀ瘀漀氀琀愀最攀 椀猀 猀琀椀氀氀 洀甀挀栀 氀漀眀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀攀 猀甀瀀瀀氀礀 瘀漀氀琀愀最攀⸀ 伀渀氀礀 眀栀攀渀
	the calculated output voltage gets close to, or greater than,਀ऀ琀栀攀 猀甀瀀瀀氀礀 瘀漀氀琀愀最攀 椀猀 琀栀攀 漀甀琀瀀甀琀 瘀漀氀琀愀最攀 愀昀昀攀挀琀攀搀⸀
਀    戀⸀
਀  
਀㈀㜀⸀愀⸀ऀ搀猀椀渀㰀䘀伀一吀 昀愀挀攀㴀匀礀洀戀漀氀㸀焀㰀⼀䘀伀一吀㸀 㴀 渀㰀䘀伀一吀 昀愀挀攀㴀匀礀洀戀漀氀㸀氀㰀⼀䘀伀一吀㸀
	਀ऀ搀 㴀 ㈀⸀㄀㘀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㘀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀洀
	n = 2਀ऀ㰀䘀伀一吀 昀愀挀攀㴀匀礀洀戀漀氀㸀氀㰀⼀䘀伀一吀㸀 㴀 㐀㠀㘀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㤀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀洀
	q = ?਀
	sinq = nl/d਀ऀ猀椀渀㰀䘀伀一吀 昀愀挀攀㴀匀礀洀戀漀氀㸀焀㰀⼀䘀伀一吀㸀 㴀 ㈀砀㐀㠀㘀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㤀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀⼀㈀⸀㄀㘀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㘀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀
	sinq = 0.45਀ऀ㰀䈀㸀㰀䘀伀一吀 昀愀挀攀㴀匀礀洀戀漀氀㸀焀㰀⼀䘀伀一吀㸀 㴀 ㈀㘀⸀㜀㐀㰀匀唀倀㸀漀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀㰀⼀䈀㸀
਀   戀⸀椀⸀ऀ䄀渀最氀攀 椀 㴀 㐀㜀㰀匀唀倀㸀漀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀
	Angle r = 27o਀ऀ
	nglass = sin(i)/sin(r)਀ऀ渀㰀匀唀䈀㸀最氀愀猀猀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 㴀 猀椀渀㐀㜀㰀匀唀倀㸀漀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀⼀猀椀渀㈀㜀㰀匀唀倀㸀漀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀
	nglass = 0.731/0.454਀  ऀ㰀䈀㸀渀㰀匀唀䈀㸀最氀愀猀猀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 㴀 ㄀⸀㘀㄀㰀⼀䈀㸀ऀ⸀⸀⸀愀猀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀
਀  ऀ
  b.ii.	qcritical = sin-1(1/n)਀ऀ㰀䘀伀一吀 昀愀挀攀㴀匀礀洀戀漀氀㸀焀㰀⼀䘀伀一吀㸀㰀匀唀䈀㸀挀爀椀琀椀挀愀氀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 㴀 猀椀渀㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㄀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀⠀㄀⼀㄀⸀㘀㄀⤀
	qcritical = sin-1(0.613)਀ऀ㰀䘀伀一吀 昀愀挀攀㴀匀礀洀戀漀氀㸀焀㰀⼀䘀伀一吀㸀㰀匀唀䈀㸀挀爀椀琀椀挀愀氀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 㴀 ㌀㠀⸀㐀㰀匀唀倀㸀漀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀
਀ऀ䄀琀 瀀漀椀渀琀 堀 琀栀攀 椀渀挀椀搀攀渀琀 愀渀最氀攀 漀昀 㘀㌀㰀匀唀倀㸀漀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀 椀猀 最爀攀愀琀攀爀 琀栀愀渀
	the critical angle. This means that the light is totally ਀ऀ椀渀琀攀爀渀愀氀氀礀 爀攀昀氀攀挀琀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀椀猀 戀漀甀渀搀愀爀礀⸀
਀㈀㠀⸀愀⸀ऀ
਀ऀ䄀 栀椀最栀 瘀漀氀琀愀最攀 漀爀 漀琀栀攀爀 攀渀攀爀最礀 猀漀甀爀挀攀 挀愀渀 戀攀  甀猀攀搀 琀漀 瀀甀洀瀀 
	electrons up into higher energy states. For example, an ਀ऀ攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀 挀愀渀 戀攀 瀀甀洀瀀攀搀 甀瀀 琀漀 攀渀攀爀最礀 氀攀瘀攀氀 ⠀䔀㰀匀唀䈀㸀㈀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀⤀ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀
	fall into the metastable state E1, creating what is called ਀ऀ愀渀 椀渀瘀攀爀琀攀搀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䄀 瀀愀猀猀椀渀最 瀀栀漀琀漀渀Ⰰ 栀愀瘀椀渀最 愀渀 攀渀攀爀最礀 攀焀甀愀氀 
	to the energy gap E1 to E0 can encourage/stimulate an electron ਀ऀ琀漀 搀爀漀瀀 昀爀漀洀 攀渀攀爀最礀 猀琀愀琀攀 䔀㰀匀唀䈀㸀㄀㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 琀漀 䔀㰀匀唀䈀㸀　㰀⼀匀唀䈀㸀 眀椀琀栀  琀栀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 
	photon in phase, with the same frequency and travelling ਀ऀ瀀愀爀愀氀氀攀氀 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀琀椀洀甀氀愀琀椀渀最 瀀栀漀琀漀渀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀愀昀琀攀爀Ⰰ 瀀栀漀琀漀渀猀 
	produced by stimulated  emission can cause further stimulated ਀ऀ攀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 椀猀 琀栀攀 戀愀猀椀猀 昀漀爀 猀琀椀洀甀氀愀琀攀搀 攀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 
	amplification.਀
  b.i.	P = IA਀
	I = 1020Wm-2਀
	A = pr2	਀ऀ䄀 㴀 㰀䘀伀一吀 昀愀挀攀㴀匀礀洀戀漀氀㸀瀀㰀⼀䘀伀一吀㸀砀⠀㔀⸀　　砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㐀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀⤀㰀匀唀倀㸀㈀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀
	A = 7.85x10-7m-2਀
	P = 1020x7.854x10-7਀ऀ㰀䈀㸀倀 㴀 㠀⸀　㄀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㐀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀圀㰀⼀䈀㸀
਀  戀⸀椀椀⸀ऀ吀栀攀 氀愀猀攀爀 戀攀愀洀 椀猀 渀漀渀 搀椀瘀攀爀最攀渀琀⸀ 䤀琀 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 猀瀀爀攀愀搀 漀甀琀⸀ 
	This means the radius of the spot is a constant.਀ऀ
	਀
29.a.i.	The reaction is induced fission. The reaction is਀ऀ搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀搀 愀猀 琀栀椀猀 琀礀瀀攀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀攀 倀甀 渀甀挀氀攀椀 愀戀猀漀爀戀
	neutrons and become unstable. The Pu nuclei then split਀ऀ愀渀搀 爀攀氀攀愀猀攀 攀渀攀爀最礀⸀
਀  愀⸀椀椀⸀ऀ吀栀攀 攀渀攀爀最礀 爀攀氀攀愀猀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 愀 爀攀猀甀氀琀 漀昀
	the mass of the products being less than the mass of ਀ऀ琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀愀渀琀猀⸀
	 ਀ऀ䴀愀猀猀 漀昀 爀攀愀挀琀愀渀琀猀 㴀 ㌀⸀㤀㠀㐀㈀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㈀㜀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀欀最
	Mass of products = 3.9825x10-27kg਀
	Mass defect = (3.9842-3.9825)x10-27kg਀ऀ㰀䈀㸀䴀愀猀猀 搀攀昀攀挀琀 㴀 　⸀　　㄀㜀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㈀㜀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀欀最㰀⼀䈀㸀
਀  ऀ吀栀椀猀 洀愀猀猀 搀攀昀攀挀琀 椀猀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀琀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 攀渀攀爀最礀⸀ 
	The energy is calculated using the equation: E = mc2਀
	E = 0.0017x10-27x(3x10-27)2਀ऀ㰀䈀㸀䔀 㴀 ㄀⸀㔀㌀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㄀㌀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀䨀㰀⼀䈀㸀
਀   戀⸀椀⸀ऀ䐀 㴀 䔀⼀洀
	਀ऀ䔀 㴀 㤀⸀㘀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㔀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀䨀
	m = 0.5kg਀
	D = 9.6x10-5/0.5਀ऀ㰀䈀㸀䐀 㴀 ㄀⸀㤀㈀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㐀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀䨀⼀欀最 ⠀䜀礀⤀㰀⼀䈀㸀
਀  戀⸀椀椀⸀ऀ䠀 㴀 儀䐀
਀ऀ儀 㴀 ㄀
	D = 1.92x10-4J/kg਀
	H = 1x1.92x10-4਀ऀ㰀䈀㸀䠀 㴀 ㄀⸀㤀㈀砀㄀　㰀匀唀倀㸀ⴀ㐀㰀⼀匀唀倀㸀匀瘀㰀⼀䈀㸀
਀ 戀⸀椀椀椀⸀ऀ吀栀爀攀攀 栀愀氀昀 瘀愀氀甀攀 琀栀椀挀欀渀攀猀猀攀猀 漀昀 氀攀愀搀 ⠀㰀䈀㸀㄀㈀　洀洀㰀⼀䈀㸀⤀
	are required.਀ऀ㰀䤀䴀䜀 猀爀挀㴀∀䠀椀最栀攀爀 倀栀礀猀椀挀猀 ㈀　　㄀ 匀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀猀开昀椀氀攀猀⼀㈀　　㄀儀㈀㤀愀椀椀椀⸀最椀昀∀㸀
	਀
END OF QUESTION PAPER਀
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